Autistic meltdowns and shutdowns are not tantrums or deliberate acts of defiance. They are intense emotional and sensory overload responses that can occur when an autistic person becomes overwhelmed. Imagine your brain as a computer. When too many programs are running simultaneously, the system can crash. They have also been described to me as feeling like a phone that has too many apps open at the same time and is no longer able to run its basic programs until it is restarted. Similarly, during a meltdown or shutdown, the autistic nervous system becomes overwhelmed, leading to a loss of control and a range of emotional and behavioural responses that indicate distress.
Meltdowns and shutdowns typically occur in stages. Recognising these stages can be crucial for Autistic folk and their caregivers and loved ones, to develop effective support strategies. The early stages, often referred to as the "build-up" or "rumbling" phase, may involve increased anxiety, agitation or self-soothing behaviours such as restlessness, pacing, hand-flapping, or other stimming. Sensory sensitivities may also heighten, with individuals becoming more reactive to light, sound, touch, or other sensory stimuli. Communication difficulties may arise, with the person becoming withdrawn, avoiding eye contact, or struggling to express themselves effectively. Changes in mood, such as increased irritability, frustration, or experiencing emotional dysregulation (trouble managing your emotions), may also occur.
The peak of the crisis, sometimes referred to as the "meltdown" or "shutdown" phase, can manifest in various ways. A meltdown may involve intense emotional expression, such as yelling, crying, screaming, or other forms of emotional release. In contrast, a shutdown typically involves a sudden withdrawal, with the person becoming unresponsive, disengaged, and appearing "frozen".
The recovery phase follows the meltdown or shutdown, where the person gradually returns to a calmer state. This can vary significantly and may involve fatigue, emotional exhaustion, and a need for rest and quiet.
By understanding these stages and recognising early warning signs, Autistic folk and their support networks can develop personalised support plans. These plans can include strategies to minimise sensory overload, such as creating a calm and predictable environment, teaching self-regulation techniques like deep breathing exercises, and providing sensory breaks when needed. Open and honest communication with caregivers, educators, and other support professionals is essential for developing and implementing effective support plans.
Managing triggers for meltdowns and shutdowns
Meltdowns and shutdowns can be triggered by a variety of factors. Sensory sensitivities can play a significant role, with individuals experiencing distress due to a variety of external and internal factors. Anecdotally, common triggers can include: bright lights, flashing lights, busy visual environments, strong perfumes, certain foods, smoke, unpleasant textures, rough fabrics, tags on clothing, certain materials, loud or sudden noises, high-pitched sounds, and fluctuations in temperature, hunger, thirst, pain, or fatigue.
Life stressors can also contribute to meltdowns or shutdowns. These may include challenges related to school or education, such as exams, classroom environments, and online learning; work-related pressures, such as meetings, deadlines, and workplace dynamics; difficulties with getting out and about, such as navigating crowds, public transportation, and social events; relationship conflicts, social pressures, and conflicting communication styles; and feelings of boredom, lack of purpose, and isolation due to a lack of meaningful activity.
Communication challenges also often trigger meltdowns or shutdowns. These may include difficulties expressing needs or emotions, misunderstanding verbal or non-verbal communication, frustration with social expectations such as small talk and eye contact and experiencing conflict and arguments.
We also need to consider emotional triggers, such as rejection, shame, guilt, anger, grief, anxiety, and trauma, as they can also contribute to meltdowns and shutdowns. Substance use, including drugs, alcohol, smoking, vaping, and energy drinks, can further exacerbate difficulties.
So how can we support Autistic folk who experience meltdowns or shutdowns?
Recognising personal triggers is crucial for managing meltdowns and shutdowns. Proactively avoiding or minimising exposure to these triggers can significantly reduce the likelihood of experiencing a meltdown or shutdown. This may involve practicing deep breathing exercises, mindfulness techniques, and utilising sensory regulation strategies such as weighted blankets and fidget toys.
But please note everyone is individual. Deep breathing may be bliss for some but focus on the breath may feel like strangulation to others. Deep pressure may provide a great deal of relief to some people, but a hug may elicit a physical pain response for some autistic folk. It is always context dependent. Whilst people may love loud rock music at a concert, a sudden police siren can be intolerable. Only the Autistic individual will know what is distressing for them, and sometimes they will need time, support and prompt questions to figure this out.
Creating a safe and calming environment, engaging in calming activities such as listening to music and spending time in nature, and learning to express needs clearly and assertively to others are also valuable strategies for many (but again not all) Autistic people.
Seeking support from a neurodivergent affirming (that focuses on recognising and celebrating the strengths and unique perspectives of individuals with neurodivergent conditions) therapist, counsellor, or support group can provide valuable guidance and support in managing meltdowns and navigating the challenges associated with neurodivergence.
As a loved one or part of an Autistic person’s support network, educating oneself about the causes and symptoms of our person’s shutdown’s and meltdowns is crucial. Creating a calm, safe and understanding environment during a meltdown, refraining from criticism or blame, and offering practical support such as helping with daily tasks, providing sensory breaks, and ensuring access to safe spaces are essential. Respecting boundaries and allowing for personal space and time for recovery are also essential. Open and honest communication about needs and triggers is vital.
Any challenges to supporting an Autistic person through a meltdown or shutdown can and should be addressed with the Autistic person however, by waiting until after the recovery period, we prioritise the Autistic person’s well-being and create a more supportive and understanding environment for addressing the feelings and experiences of everyone involved.
